Same pathway, wildly different carbon — because of feedstock

Run HEFA on used cooking oil and the default core lifecycle value is about 13.9 gCO₂e/MJ. Run the same HEFA process on rapeseed oil and it is closer to 47 gCO₂e/MJ — before any land-use penalty.

The conversion technology barely moved. The feedstock did. That is why provenance — not just pathway — sits at the centre of every SAF claim.