# Namibia — State Action Plans - **Source:** ICAO (state_action_plans) - **Country code:** NAM - **Year:** 2016 - **Language:** en - **Origin URL:** https://www.icao.int/sites/default/files/sp-files/environmental-protection/Documents/ActionPlan/NAMIBIA_ACTION_PLAN.pdf - **Ingested:** 2026-06-15T11:52:20.716407+00:00 - **Extraction:** pymupdf --- NAMIBIA ACTION PLAN FOR CO2 EMISSIONS REDUCTION IN INTERNATIONAL AVIATION AUGUST 2016 SEPTEMBER 2016 This document was produced with the assistance of the Interna- tional Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the ICAO. 2 DIRECTORATE OF CIVIL AVIATION Ministry of Works and Transport, Head Office 6719 Bell Street, Snyman Circle, Private Bag 13341,Windhoek,Namibia Tel: +264 - (0)61 - 70 2214 Fax: +264 - (0)61 - 70 2044 Contact persons: Ms. Angeline Simana, Director of Civil Aviation Tel: +264 - (0)61 - 70 2214 Fax: +264 - (0)61 - 70 2044 Cell: +264 - (0)81 124 2735 Email: director@dca.com.na Mr Naville Geiriseb , Transport Economist (Focal Point) Tel: +264- (0)61 24 29 70 Cell: +264 - (0)81 142 3175 Email: ngeiriseb@mwtc.gov.na 3 Table of Contents Executive Summary 1. Introduction................................................................................................Page 5 2. Aviation Emissions Working Group Namibia ............................................Page 6 2.1 Directorate of Civil Aviation……………….................................................Page 7 2.2 Air Namibia…............................................................................................Page 8 2.3 Namibia Airports Company…………..……...............................................Page 9 2.4 Namibia Petroleum Corporation …………………………………….………Page 10 2.5 Ministry of Environment and Tourism…………………………………….…Page 11 3. Baseline of CO2 Emissions in International Aviation.................................Page 12 3.1. Calculation method..................................................................................Page 13 3.2. Results….................................................................................................Page 14 4. Basket of Measures for Namibia................................................................Page 16 4.1. Improved Air Traffic Management (ATM) and infrastructure use.............Page 17 4.2. More efficient operations..........................................................................Page 20 4.3. Monitoring and Data Resources…...........................................................Page 23 5. Expected Results.......................................................................................Page 24 6. Assistance Needs…...................................................................................Page 26 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AEWG Aviation Emissions Working Group (National Team) NAC Namibia Airports Company ANS Air Navigation Services APER Action Plan for CO2 Emission Reduction APU Auxiliary Power Unit ATFM Air Traffic Flow Management ATM Air Traffic Management AIRNAM AIR NAMBIA RNAV Area navigation CO2 Carbon dioxide DCA Directorate of Civil Aviation DEA Directorate of Environmental Affairs FIR Flight Information Region GHG Greenhouse gas GRN Government of Namibia GPU Ground Power Unit ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IT Information and Technology IFSET ICAO Fuel Savings Estimation Tool MWT Ministry of Works And Transport NAMCOR National Petroleum Company PBN Performance Based Navigation PCA Pre-Conditioned Air RNAV Area navigation RTK Revenue Tonne Kilometres WAM Wide Area Multilateral System 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Government of the Republic of Namibia (GRN) has the responsibility for the provision of Air Traffic Services in Namibia since independence in 1990.The airspace of Namibia spans over 825,615 km2 .The Directorate of Civil Aviation (DCA) under the Ministry of Works and Transport (MWT) provides air navigations services on behalf of GRN. In the past few years, the GRN has made significant progress with the implementation of several initiatives to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in aviation such as investment in new aircraft technology, more efficient operations, airports improvements, air traffic management and infrastructure use. One of the successes that the Directorate of Civil Aviation has implemented as an appropriate mitigation measure was the effective implementation of Performance Based Navigation RNAV 5 PBN air routes in all of its upper airspace FL245 to FL460 . The CO2 savings from 15 September to 31 December 2015 show a reduction of 570937KG of CO2. Another area of success is in the Air Traffic Management Systems Radar, Wide Area Multilateral System (WAM). The Namibian WAM system was supplied by Era, of the Czech Republic, and employs 36 widely separated and unmanned ground stations that listen for aircraft transponder replies to radar interrogations and then retransmit those replies to a central processing station. The WAM systems' precision has helped optimize air traffic across Namibian airspace, hence reducing aviation-related carbon emissions. The national airline Air Namibia has implemented various initiatives in improving its fuel efficiency and reducing its carbon footprint. Weight reduction measures include potable water tanks being filled to 50% tank capacity (established after passenger survey) and the replacement of hardcopy manuals in the cockpit with electronic manuals. In 2016, Air Namibia targets to save 101 667 kg of fuel in 12 months. By end of May 2016, 18.4 tonnes of fuel were saved. This is 18.1% of the target set. This implies 57.9 tonnes reduction on CO2 emissions. Air Namibia has also implemented idle reverse thrust on landing. In May 2016 ,the evaluation on the 12 months project (Jan 2016 to Dec 2016) indicates that 19% of the target was achieved. By May 2016 , 38.1 tonnes of fuel was saved which translates to 120 tonnes of CO2 emissions reduction. The Government of the Republic of Namibia is committed to the sustainable development of the aviation sector and to the continued efforts to protect the environment of our country. All the initiatives currently implemented, as well as the Aviation Emissions Working Group (AEWG), reflect and reiterate the commitment of the Government of the Republic of Namibia to assist the national airline and aviation sector in their efforts to reduce fuel burn and carbon missions. 6 1. Introduction 1.1 Namibia– Territory and border Namibia is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates it from that country. There are 14 regions in Namibia and there is at least 1 aerodrome in each region. The Ministry of Works and Transport is responsible for the maintenance, rehabilitation and upgrading of 27 aerodromes across the country. The Namibia Airports Company is the custodian of 8 airports including Hosea Kutako International Airport, the biggest commercial airport located 40 km east of the capital Windhoek. Figure 1. Namibia’s geographical location COUNTRY PROFILE Area • Total825,615 km2 (34th 318,696 sq mi • Water (%) Negligible Population • 2011 census2,113,077 • Density2.54/km2 (235th) 6.6/sq mi GDP (PPP)2016 estimate • Total$26.399 billion • Per capita$11,786 GDP (nominal)2016 estimate • Total$13.703 billion • Per capita$6,118 Gini (2009)59.7 high HDI (2014) 0.628 medi- um ·126th CurrencyNamibian dollar (NAD) Sourced from Wikipedia.com 7 2. AVIATION EMISSIONS WORKING GROUP (AEWG) The Government of the Republic of Namibia recognises the importance of climate change and global warming and has embarked on various initiatives to implement greenhouse gases mitigation measures. The Action Plan For CO2 Emissions Reduction in international aviation is one of the most important initiatives by GRN in partnership with ICAO. This Action Plan describes the civil aviation sector in Namibia and the main stakeholders in the AEWG for CO2 emissions reduction in international aviation. The Action Plan also details the set of mitigation measures selected by the AEWG to address CO2 emissions reduction in international aviation at the national level. The forecast of the trends of CO2 emissions with and without the implementation of these measures is also described, reflecting the positive impacts of these initiatives on the carbon footprint of the international aviation sector in Namibia. Environmental initiatives for international aviation in Namibia will be implemented by a national committee, the AEWG. The working group consists of national level stakeholders and is chaired by the DCA. Representatives are: Figure 2. Aviation Emissions Working Group (AEWG) Namibia 8 2.1 DCA The Directorate of Civil Aviation consist of three Divisions; i.e. Division Aviation, Administration and Navigation, Division Flight Safety and Security, and Division Meteorological Services and is assisted by a small administrative component. The Directorate is performing the following functions:  Aeronautical Information Services  Air Navigation and Technical Services  Air Traffic Control Services  Meteorological Services (Aviation)  Air Navigation Services Safety Oversight  Airworthiness  Flight Operations  Personnel Licensing  Aerodromes  Aviation Security In fulfilling its responsibilities, the Directorate of Civil Aviation endeavours to assure a safe, orderly, regular and efficient civil aviation system. The Directorate recognizes the importance of its stakeholders and the role it has to play in the development of an efficient civil aviation system in Namibia. Whilst ensuring quality service, aviation safety and security remains priority number one on the agenda. Cabinet has approved in 2003 the establishment of the Namibia Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA). The current project team is busy with the preparation of the required documentation, for the establishment of the NCAA. 2.2 Air Namibia Air Namibia (Pty) Limited is a proprietary limited company incorporated in accordance with the Company’s Act. Air Namibia is the national airline of the Republic of Namibia, with the Government of Namibia as its sole Shareholder. The company’s business operations primarily involve provision of air transport services for passengers and cargo. Through its subsidiary company, Air Namibia Ground Handling (Pty) Limited, it provides ground handling services for passengers and aircraft at Windhoek’s Hosea Kutako International Airport. Figure 3. Control Tower at Eros Airport, Windhoek 9 The airline is positioned as a niche carrier serving domestic points within Namibia, the immediate regional markets of South Africa, Zimbabwe, Angola, Zambia and Botswana. The airline also serves the entire European network through Frankfurt. Air Namibia’s mandate was determined by its Shareholder, the Government of the Republic of Namibia represented by the Ministry of Works and Transport, to be a major contributor towards the at- traction and pro- motion of tourism, as well as promo- tion and facilita- tion of trade to Namibia by providing air and cargo transport services between Namibia and other countries, as well as by operating flights within the boundaries of Namibia. Since its inception, Air Namibia makes a positive net economic (value) contribution to the national economy, in line with its mandate. Net economic gain is defined as the gross value that visitors carried into the country by the airline contribute to the economy, less the cost of Government support to the airline. Net economic gain also includes the impact that Air Namibia has on employment in Namibia. The value added is measured in terms of contribution to “Gross Domestic Product (GDP)” and employment. Airline Status: In-service IATA Code: SW ICAO Code: NMB Website: http:// www.airnamibia.com.na/ Main hub: Windhoek Hosea Kutako International Airport Country :Namibia Business model: Full Service Car- rier Network: International Frequent Flyer Programme: Re- ward$ Association Membership: AASA AFRAA IATA Codeshare Partners: Kenya Air- ways In line with its vision statement of being a safe, reliable, efficient and caring airline, Air Namibia operates a fleet carefully selected to meet expectations of its stakeholders. These expectations include performance dependability and comfort. All aircraft in the fleet are all cabin pressurized, provide immense comfort offered by the generous legroom, modern interiors and trend setting features. These aircraft are subjected to high levels of safety ensured through the meticulous maintenance programmes, and highly trained flight deck and cabin crews. Today’s fleet comprises the following; * 2 x Airbus A330-200 aircraft * 4 x Airbus A319-100 aircraft * 4 x Embraer ERJ 135 10 2.3 NAC The Namibia Airports Company (NAC) Limited was established in terms of the Airports Company Act 25 of 1998. The NAC is a state-owned entity/enterprise and its portfolio ministry is the Ministry of Works and Transport. NAC, the gateway to Namibia, commenced operations on 05 February 1999 and have went on to pride itself on providing unprecedented safety and security at all its airports. Since its exist- ence, NAC has made remarkable strides in airport development and management. The NAC is mandated to develop, manage and operate eight (8) airports:  Hosea Kutako International Airport  Eros Airport  Walvis Bay Airport  Ondangwa Airport  Katima Mulilo Airport  Keetmanshoop Airport  Luderitz Airport  Rundu Airport 11 2.4 NAMCOR Namibia Petroleum Corporation (Namcor) is a legally enacted entity under the Namibian Companies Act of 1973 with the Government of the Republic of Namibia as our sole shareholder. Under the Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act of 1991 , Namcor has the mandate to carry out reconnaissance, exploration and production operations either on its own or in partnership with other organisations in the industry. Namcor’s upstream activities include exploration and production, promotion and maintaining an advisory and regulatory role. Exploration and Production To date, 48 exploration, one production, and two Coal Bed Methane licenses have been issued to Namibian and international oil and gas companies. Overall, a total of 15exploratory wells, 7 appraisal wells drilled in the KUDU gas field/license area have been drilled in offshore Namibia. Commercial and Marketing Namcor has a variety of petroleum products from their depot network. The Company also offers different customer value propositions to the various market sectors such as the mining, construction, commercial road transport , manufacturing, fishing resellers and farming sectors. Regulatory role The Company’s role as a government institution is to actively promote the hydrocarbon potential of Namibia. In exercising this role, the company is tasked with advising the Ministry of Mines and Energy on policy issues regarding the upstream petroleum industry and monitoring the petroleum activities of oil companies operat- ing within Namibia. Since Namibia’s independence in 1990, Namcor has facilitated the sign- ing of several petroleum agreements with international oil companies. Figure 5. Namcor Oil rig off the Namibian coast nearby Luderitz 12 2.5 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONEMENT AND TOURISM The Directorate of Environmental Affairs (DEA) under the Ministry of Environment and Tourism is a Government agency responsible for promoting environmental protection , environmental planning and environmental coordination. It manages a number of programmes which address priority environmental issues and challenges. NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY (NCCP) The main purpose of the national climate change policy of Namibia is to provide the legal frame- work and overarching national strategy for the development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of climate change mitigation and adaptation activities. The policy promotes the enhancement of synergies amongst sectors and stakeholders for effective and efficient mitigation and adaptation responses to climate change in Namibia. In addition, the policy facilitates identification of sector and cross-cutting climate change strategies and actions for implementation to lower Namibia’s overall risks, and the risks of the most vulnerable groups and sectors. The policy also provides legal basis for resource mobilisation to address climate change adaptation and mitigation. FOCUS OF THE NCCP Namibia has little control over the causes of climate change, yet is highly vulnerable to the effects. Greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories by du Plessis (1999) and Harts and Smith (2008) reveal that Namibia does not contribute significant amounts of greenhouse gasses to global emissions. Therefore Namibia’s current primary focus of climate response is to build and secure the appropriate long-term sustainable resources for adaptation to the effects of climate change. For mitigation, Namibia will predominantly focus on low carbon development and sustainable energy since Namibia does not emit significant amounts of GHG into the atmosphere. Namibia shall however explore access and utilise available global mitigation techniques for the country’s econom- ic benefit such as benefits from energy efficiency through Clean Development Mechanisms of UNFCCC. This is done through the use of cleaner more energy efficient technologies, and adapting existing renewable technologies to be more economically viable. Figure 8. Eros Airport runway, Windhoek, Namibia 13 Baseline of CO2 Emissions in International Aviation 14 3.1 Calculation method The baseline for CO2 emissions in international aviation represents the evolution of CO2 emissions from international aviation in the next 21 years (up to 2035) in the absence of mitigation measures (business as usual scenario). In the case of Air Namibia, it was calculated using 3 years averaged historical data and composition was referred to same as the most recent year (2015). Air Namibia is the only airline registered in Namibia that serves international flights. Only international flights according to ICAO definition were considered for the baseline calculation. Following ICAO’s methodology described in ICAO Doc 9988, and the air traffic increase in the coming years the baseline was estimated using ICAO Circular 313, which forecasts a traffic (RTK) growth of 4% per year in the African region, the baseline was calculated (see Table 1). The baseline obtained for CO2 emissions up to 2035 is depicted in tabular and graphical formats on Table 1 and Figure 6 respectively. According to these results, in the absence of mitigation measures, CO2 emissions from international aviation will grow from 191 372 295 tons of CO2 (tCO2) in 2016 to 510 526 298 tCO2 in 2035, which represents an increase of 62% in twenty one years. 3.2 Trends on International CO2 Emissions and RTK Table 1. Baseline on International CO2 Emissions and RTK (Continued on Page 15) BASELINE Year RTK RTK FB (kg) CO2 (kg) FE 2015 150 057 569 150 057 569 57 567 333 181 912 772 0.384 2016 156 059 872 150 057 569 57 567 333 181 912 772 0.384 2017 162 302 267 150 057 569 57 567 333 181 912 772 0.384 2018 168 794 357 150 057 569 57 567 333 181 912 772 0.384 2019 175 546 132 175 546 132 67 345 637 212 812 214 0.384 2020 182 567 977 175 546 132 67 345 637 212 812 214 0.384 2021 189 870 696 175 546 132 67 345 637 212 812 214 0.384 2022 197 465 524 197 465 524 75 754 683 239 384 798 0.384 2023 205 364 145 197 465 524 75 754 683 239 384 798 0.384 2024 213 578 711 197 465 524 75 754 683 239 384 798 0.384 2025 222 121 859 222 121 859 85 213 716 269 275 342 0.384 2026 231 006 733 222 121 859 85 213 716 269 275 342 0.384 2027 240 247 003 240 247 003 92 167 155 291 248 209 0.384 2028 249 856 883 240 247 003 92 167 155 291 248 209 0.384 2029 259 851 158 259 851 158 99 687 995 315 014 063 0.384 2030 270 245 204 259 851 158 99 687 995 315 014 063 0.384 2031 281 055 013 281 055 013 107 822 535 340 719 211 0.384 15 Table 1. Baseline on International CO2 Emissions and RTK (Continued) BASELINE Year RTK RTK FB (kg) CO2 (kg) FE 2032 292 297 213 281 055 013 107 822 535 340 719 211 0.384 2033 303 989 102 303 989 102 116 620 854 368 521 898 0.384 2034 316 148 666 303 989 102 116 620 854 368 521 898 0.384 2035 328 794 612 328 794 612 126 137 116 398 593 285 0.384 2036 341 946 397 341 946 397 131 182 600 414 537 017 0.384 2037 355 624 253 341 946 397 131 182 600 414 537 017 0.384 2038 369 849 223 369 849 223 141 887 100 448 363 237 0.384 2039 384 643 192 384 643 192 147 562 584 466 297 767 0.384 2040 400 028 919 384 643 192 147 562 584 466 297 767 0.384 2041 416 030 076 416 030 076 159 603 691 504 347 665 0.384 2042 432 671 279 432 671 279 165 987 839 524 521 571 0.384 2043 449 978 130 449 978 130 172 627 353 545 502 434 0.384 2044 467 977 255 449 978 130 172 627 353 545 502 434 0.384 2045 486 696 346 486 696 346 186 713 745 590 015 433 0.384 2046 506 164 199 506 164 199 194 182 294 613 616 050 0.384 2047 526 410 767 526 410 767 201 949 586 638 160 692 0.384 2048 547 467 198 547 467 198 210 027 570 663 687 120 0.384 2049 569 365 886 569 365 886 218 428 672 690 234 604 0.384 2050 592 140 522 592 140 522 227 165 819 717 843 989 0.384 CAGR 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 0.00% 16 Figure 6. Baseline graphical representation 17 BASKET OF MEASURES FOR NAMIBIA 18 4. Basket of Measures for Namibia The mitigation measures selected to reduce CO2 emissions from international aviation are focused on three categories from ICAO’s basket of measures: 1. Improved Air Traffic Management (ATM) and infrastructure use 2. More efficient operations 3. Monitoring and Data Resources 4.1 Improved Air Traffic Management (ATM) and infrastructure use The DCA has implemented RNAV 5 PBN air routes in all of its upper airspace FL245 to FL460. Track mile reductions result in 10NM saving. There is no further gains to be had as all other routes are straight lines and as a result track mile savings are not possible in future. This programme has been fully implemented. Data from report on the Environmental and Operational Benefits from PBN: CO2 savings from 15 September to 31 December 2015 show a reduction of 570937KG of CO2. Extrapolated for a year (assuming no traffic growth) shows a saving of 1929097KG of CO2 The use of Alternate is company derived. Namibia has few alternate aerodromes so fuel reduction is unlikely. Better Approach procedures provided by the DCA such as the New ILS and VOR procedures were implemented at Hosea Kutako international airport on the 18 August 2016. New procedures designed for Walvis Bay international airport are to be implemented in November 2016. RNP APCH procedures are currently implemented at Hosea Kutako international airport , Rundu, Ondangwa, Oranjemund airports. These procedures are to be rolled out at Luderitz, Walvis Bay, Eros, Katima and Keetmanshoop airports in the future. Figure 7. Air Traffic control Tower at Eros Airport, Windhoek, Namibia 19 Table 2: DCA’s List of selected CO2 mitigation measures implemented and ongoing. Measure Description Start Date End date Expected results (tCO2 reduced/year) Stakeholder Assistance needs Measures to improve the use of optimum flight levels Provide for optimum routing for aircraft; Reduce track miles where possi- ble; Implementa- tion of PBN procedures; 2016 2016 Unknown however jet aircraft operat- ing at optimum flight levels will be at best fuel burn efficiency With the low traffic numbers in the FIR the vast majority of aircraft will be at their optimum operating level. Air Namibia All jet operators N/A Measures to improve the use of optimum routings Apply : Flight Plan- ning Optimiza- tion (vertical and lateral) ; Alternate - Optimum Selection 2016 2016 Namibia has implemented RNAV 5 PBN air routes in all of its upper air- space FL245 to FL460. Track mile reductions result in 10NM saving. There is no further gain to be had as all other routes are straight lines so basically track mile savings are not to be had. This programme has been ful- ly implemented. Data from report on the Environmen- tal and Operational Benefits from PBN: CO2 savings from 15 September to 31 December 2015 show a reduction of 570937KG of CO2. Extrapolated for a year (assuming no traffic growth) shows a saving of 1929097KG of CO2 Air Namibia All jet oper- ators Apply Reduced Acceleration Altitude (Flaps Re- traction level-off). ICAO departure procedures can assist with flexible procedures. However there are minimum flap retraction and acceleration schedules for each air- craft. DCA can regulate use of departure procedures for noise abatement how- ever these can be more fuel intensive. Currently none are in operation. Also highly dependent on operator requirements. All opera- tors Optimized Cost Index ; Operators use best Cost Index for Opera- tion. Unknown however with optimum Cost Index operators can utilise best fuel burn efficiency This is not controlled by DCA rather it is operator dependent. DCA cannot mandate a cost index for aircraft All jet oper- ators. 20 Table 2: DCA’s List of selected CO2 mitigation measures implemented and ongoing. (continued) Table 2: DCA’s List of selected CO2 mitigation measures implemented and ongoing. Better Approach procedures provided by DCA Review of ex- isting conven- tional approach- es; Introduction of RNP APCH procedures (PBN) 2016 2017 New ILS and VOR procedures im- plemented at Hosea Kutako 18 Au- gust 2016. New procedures designed for Wal- vis Bay to be implemented Novem- ber 2016. Currently implemented at Hosea Kutako, Rundu, Ondangwa, Oran- jemund. To be rolled out or Luder- itz, Walvis Bay, Eros, Katima and Keetmanshoop in the future. A major benefit of th RNP APCH is that they require no ground infra- structure. So Rundu now has in- strument flight procedures where previously none existed. Also Ho- sea Kutako has an instrument ap- proach to Runway 08 for the first time. With RNP APCH procedures at aerodromes not previously serviced by any instrument approach, the frequency of diversions due weath- er is reduced. As an example a diversion for Air Namibia in the ERJ135 from On- dangwa to Eros costs in the vicinity of NAD$60000 plus the additional GHG emissions. All opera- tors RNP APCH design organisa- tion cur- rently contracted to DCA. Budget for proce- dures an essential. 21 4.2. More efficient operations Air Namibia has an Operations Efficiency Program (OEP) in place. Some projects are part of the airline’s Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) and some are ad-hoc from time to time continuously. Table 3 shows what Air Namibia has already put in place as part of Operations Efficiency Program. OEP contributes to less fuel burn which consequently contributes to reduction in carbon emission. Figure 8 shows Air Namibia’s APU usage trend decreasing as monitored from 2014 to May 2016. Table 3: Air Namibia’s List of selected CO2 mitigation measures implemented and ongoing. Meas- ure Description Start Date Com- pletio n date Ex- pected results (tCO2 re- duced/ year) Stake- holder Assis- tance needs Mini- mising weight Fuel loading is matched to flight plan minimum fuel requirement. Air Namibia migrated from basic SITA flight planning module to more ca- pable SITA Gra-flite module (implemented 2013). This is an indication that the flights do not carry excess fuel unless for economic rea- sons i.e. tankering due to fuel price differences at some stations. Paper Manuals are removed from the cockpit. Air Namibia has a paperless cockpit. Dispatchers implored to use closer arrival alter- nates. Lighter apparatuses (trolleys and cutlery) are used onboard Air Namibia flights. Inflight magazines are only distributed to 2/3 of the passenger seats. Potable water- weight reduction: Air Namibia have implemented that portable water tanks be filled to 50% tank capacity. This was estab- lished after passenger needs survey. In 2016 we target to save 101 667 kg of fuel in 12 months. By end of May 2016, 18.4 tonnes of fuel was saved. This is 18.1% of the target set. This implies 57.9 tonnes reduction on CO2 Jan 2016 (porta ble water pro- ject) Dec 2016 321 tonnes Air Namib- ia N/A 22 Measure Description Start Date Com- pletion date Expected results (tCO2 reduced/ year) Stake- holder Assis- tance needs Minimis- ing / delaying flaps (take-off and landing) Pilots apply : Low Drag Approaches ; Reduced Flaps Take-off ; Reduced Flap Landings These are Air Namibia Standard Op- erating Procedure (SOP). Not quanti- fied Air Na- mibia Reversers use Idle Reverse on Landing In May 2016 evaluation on the 12 months project (Jan 2016 to Dec 2016) indicates that 19% of the tar- get is achieved. By May 2016 38.1 tonnes of fuel is saved which im- plies that 120 tonnes of CO2 re- duced. Jan 2016 Dec 2016 633 tonnes Air Na- mibia Flying cost index Dynamic cost index: Air Namibia target to fly optimized cost index to save fuel. By May 2016 it was reported that 128.6% of this target is achieved in 5 Months and 881.0 tonnes of CO2 carbon is so far reduced. 279.7 tonnes of fuel saved. This target was achieved in 5 months of the project period (Jan 2016 to Dec 2016). More savings are expected by the end of the pro- ject period. Flight plans are based on long Range cruise. Jan 2016 Dec 2016 686.6 tonnes Air Na- mibia Table 3: Air Namibia’s List of selected CO2 mitigation measures implemented and ongoing. 23 Figure 8. Air Namibia Airbus 330-200 APU hours per cycle. Table 3: Air Namibia’s List of selected CO2 mitigation measures implemented and ongoing. (Continued) Measure Description Start Date Com- pletio n date Expected results (tCO2 reduced/ year) Stake- holder Assis- tance needs APU vs GPU us- age APU usage is monitored and the trend is decreasing (see Figure 1). In 2014 the average APU hours per flight cycle was 2.26 and it has improved to 1.70 in 2016. The APU usage is part of the 12 Months (Jan 2016 to Dec 2016) project, by May 2016 9.1% is achieved. About 155.1 tonnes of fuel saved and 488.6 tonnes of CO2 reduced. Alternatively, a GPU is used instead of APU at stations where there are GPUs. 2014 (curre ntly on 12 Mont hs re- view pro- ject Jan 2016 – Dec 2106) Ongo- ing 5356 tonnes Air Na- mibia Aircraft Mainte- nance Air Namibia has introduced engine wash in the maintenance programs (On going for 5years). Maintain aerodynamically clean aircraft i.e. flush skin repairs and immaculate flight control surface rigging Engine quality checks after engine over- haul to ensure a return to original fuel mileage. Not quanti- fied Air Na- mibia/ SAAT/ Lufthans a Tech- nic 24 4.3 Monitoring and Data Resources During the process of updating the Action Plan, improving the sources of information and the monitoring process were identified as key elements to ensuring the implementation of the mitigation measures. These elements support the decision making process for future mitigation measures that could be implemented in Namibia. The AEWG will focus on strengthening the monitoring process to facilitate the interaction between the key stakeholders through the information interchange. Figure 9. Eros Airport runway, Windhoek, Namibia 25 5. Expected Results The implementation of the mitigation measures selected by Namibia will lead to the reduction of an average of 8 925 697t CO2 emissions from international aviation per year. This figure is based on the assumption that the current level of operations will not continue to grow, however it is likely to increase. This quantification was performed using the current fuel efficiency rate obtained from the historical data of 2013 to 2015 where most measures already implemented will be maintained as mitigating measures of Air Namibia and the DCA (see Table 2). The expected results over the baseline horizon are depicted in on Table 4. Figure 10 provides a graphical representation of these results and reflects these results with the CO2 emissions and fuel efficiency expected in the baseline scenario. Table 4.Expected results from 2016 to 2050 (Continued on Page 26) EXPECTED RESULTS Year RTK FB exp. Result (kg) CO2 exp. Re- sult (kg) FE exp. Result CO2 saving (kg) 2015 150 057 569 57 567 333 181 912 772 0.384 0 2016 150 057 569 57 567 333 181 912 772 0.384 0 2017 150 057 569 54 742 745 172 987 075 0.365 8 925 697 2018 150 057 569 54 742 745 172 987 075 0.365 8 925 697 2019 175 546 132 64 238 591 202 993 947 0.366 9 818 267 2020 175 546 132 64 238 591 202 993 947 0.366 9 818 267 2021 175 546 132 64 238 591 202 993 947 0.366 9 818 267 2022 197 465 524 72 365 178 228 673 962 0.366 10 710 836 2023 197 465 524 72 365 178 228 673 962 0.366 10 710 836 2024 197 465 524 72 365 178 228 673 962 0.366 10 710 836 2025 222 121 859 81 541 752 257 671 935 0.367 11 603 406 2026 222 121 859 81 541 752 257 671 935 0.367 11 603 406 2027 240 247 003 88 212 732 278 752 234 0.367 12 495 976 2028 240 247 003 88 212 732 278 752 234 0.367 12 495 976 2029 259 851 158 95 451 113 301 625 518 0.367 13 388 546 2030 259 851 158 95 451 113 301 625 518 0.367 13 388 546 26 Figure 10. Baseline and expected results Table 4.Expected results from 2016 to 2050 (continued) EXPECTED RESULTS Year RTK FB exp. Re- sult (kg) CO2 exp. Result (kg) FE exp. Result CO2 saving (kg) 2031 281 055 013 103 303 195 326 438 096 0.368 14 281 115 2032 281 055 013 103 303 195 326 438 096 0.368 14 281 115 2033 303 989 102 111 819 055 353 348 214 0.368 15 173 685 2034 303 989 102 111 819 055 353 348 214 0.368 15 173 685 2035 328 794 612 121 052 858 382 527 031 0.368 16 066 255 2036 341 946 397 125 815 884 397 578 192 0.368 16 958 824 2037 341 946 397 125 815 884 397 578 192 0.368 16 958 824 2038 369 849 223 136 237 925 430 511 843 0.368 17 851 394 2039 384 643 192 141 630 950 447 553 803 0.368 18 743 964 2040 384 643 192 141 630 950 447 553 803 0.368 18 743 964 2041 416 030 076 153 389 598 484 711 131 0.369 19 636 533 2042 432 671 279 159 491 287 503 992 468 0.369 20 529 103 2043 449 978 130 165 848 342 524 080 761 0.369 21 421 673 2044 449 978 130 165 848 342 524 080 761 0.369 21 421 673 2045 486 696 346 179 652 275 567 701 190 0.369 22 314 243 2046 506 164 199 186 838 366 590 409 238 0.369 23 206 812 2047 526 410 767 194 323 199 614 061 310 0.369 24 099 382 2048 547 467 198 202 118 724 638 695 168 0.369 24 991 952 2049 569 365 886 210 237 368 664 350 083 0.369 25 884 521 2050 592 140 522 218 692 056 691 066 898 0.369 26 777 091 CAGR 4.00% 3.89% 3.89% -0.11% 27 6. ASSISTANCE REQUIRED The most challenging aspect for the DCA is record-keeping of accurate data on fuel consumption by air transport operators in Namibia. Therefore assistance will be required to: A. Guide or direct the airlines on the types of software available for collecting fuel data and transforming this data into the format required by ICAO. B. Improve the source of information with the key stakeholders. C. Training, seminars and awareness programmes are needed in the region on the importance of fuel management for all stakeholders i.e. airlines, ground handlers, and fuel companies. 28