# Angola — State Action Plans - **Source:** ICAO (state_action_plans) - **Country code:** AGO - **Year:** 2016 - **Language:** en - **Origin URL:** https://www.icao.int/sites/default/files/sp-files/environmental-protection/Documents/ActionPlan/Angola_ActionPlan.pdf - **Ingested:** 2026-06-15T11:47:22.118252+00:00 - **Extraction:** pymupdf --- This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. ACTION PLAN FOR CO2 EMISSION REDUCTION FROM INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION IN ANGOLA April 2016 This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. INSTITUTO NACIONAL DA AVIAÇÃO CIVIL RUA MIGUEL DE MELO Nº 96, 6º ANDAR TEL.: 222-335936/8596 – FAX: 222 390529 E-MAIL: inavic@inavic.gv.ao Contact persons: Vicência Fernandes Focal point Mobile: (+244) 923570423 / (+244) 916449883 E-mail: vicencia.fernandes@inavic.gv.ao Samuel Toto Focal point Mobile: (+244) 935538223 / (+244) 993207759 E-mail: samuel.toto@inavic.gv.ao Osvaldo Rosa Focal point Mobile: (+244) 949425868 E-mail: osvaldo.rosa@inavic.gv.ao This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgments........................................................................................................ 4 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 5 2. National Action Plan Team .................................................................................... 8 2.1. INAVIC .............................................................................................................................9 2.2. ENANA ...........................................................................................................................10 2.3. TAAG .............................................................................................................................12 2.4. GHASSIST .......................................................................................................................13 2.5. Sonangol Distribuidora – Serviços de Aviação ..........................................................14 3. Baseline of CO2 Emissions in International Aviation .......................................... 15 3.1. Calculation method .....................................................................................................15 3.2. Results ............................................................................................................................15 4. Basket of Measures for Angola ........................................................................... 18 4.1. Improved Air Traffic Management (ATM) and infrastructure use .............................18 4.2. More efficient operations ............................................................................................18 4.3. Airport improvements ..................................................................................................19 5. Expected Results .................................................................................................. 20 6. Assistance Needs ................................................................................................. 23 This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 2 Figures Figure 1 - Angola geographical location .................................................................................. 5 Figure 2 - National Action Plan Team ........................................................................................ 8 Figure 3 - Baseline for CO2 emission from international aviation ......................................... 17 Figure 4 - Baseline and expected results ................................................................................. 21 Figure 5 - Expected reduction in CO2 emission from international aviation ...................... 23 Tables Table 1 - Baseline ........................................................................................................................ 16 Table 2 - Expected results .......................................................................................................... 21 Table 3 - Baseline and expected results .................................................................................. 22 This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 3 List of Abbreviations ANSP Air Navigation Service Provider APU Auxiliary Power Unit ATFM Air Traffic Flow Management ATM Air Traffic Management CO2 Carbon dioxide ENANA Empresa Nacional de Exploração de Aeroportos e Navegaçã Aérea EU European Union GPU Ground Power Unit GSE Ground Service Equipment ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization INAVIC Instituto Nacional da Aviação Civil NAPT National Action Plan Team This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 4 Acknowledgments We acknowledge the financial, technical and strategic support of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) - European Union (EU) Assistance project on Capacity Building for CO2 Mitigation from International Aviation. This project has enabled ICAO to provide assistance to develop States’ Action Plans, establish robust emissions monitoring systems and implement mitigation measures to reduce fuel consumption and emissions in 14 States from the African and Caribbean regions. The support of the ICAO-UE Project has been essential for the Government of Angola to develop and submit the State Action Plan on Emissions Reduction. This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 5 1. Introduction Angola - Territory and border Angola is a member of Southern Africa region with surface extension of 1,246,700 km2 and is located on the west coast of Africa, below the equator and east of the Greenwich meridian. Its border limits are:  North - the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo;  East - the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Republic of Zambia;  South – the Republic of Namibia;  West – the Atlantic Ocean. Figure 1 - Angola geographical location This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 6 Angola is currently composed of eighteen (18) provinces that form the current administrative division and are made up of seven indigenous cultural communities, including other subgroups (about a hundred) that are distinguished by their socio-cultural and linguistic particularities, namely, Bakongo, Ambumbu, Ovimbundu, Tchokwe, Ovinganguela, Ochiwambo and Khoisan. Each region or province has got at least an aerodrome or an airfield. The main international airport in Angola, and the commercial airport which is the hub of the national carrier TAAG Angola Airlines, is Luanda International Airport (FNLU/LAD). A new modern airport is currently under construction around 40 kilometers from Luanda, which is planned to handle 15 million passengers annually, and to accommodate the A380. Legal basis of aviation in Angola The primary aviation legislation of Angola is the Civil Aviation Law (Lei nº 1/08 de 16 de Janeiro), approved by the National Assembly in 2008. The Civil Aviation Law establishes general rules and principles applicable to civil aviation. On the basis of the Civil Aviation Law, regulations are implemented in different domains such as infrastructure, airworthiness, air traffic regulations, operating rules, air transport and many more. Recognizing the integrated character of international civil aviation, Angola adhered the Convention on International Civil Aviation on 11 March 1977. This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 7 Environment Recognizing the importance of climate change and global warming, the Government of Angola has been making effort to establish policies and regulation to protect the environment and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The Action Plan for CO2 Emissions Reduction in International Aviation presents the initiatives of the civil aviation sector towards the fight against climate change. It has been elaborated through an inclusive process with the relevant stakeholders of the aviation sector in Angola, under the leadership of the Civil Aviation Authority INAVIC. This Action Plan describes the civil aviation sector in Angola and its main actors, who compose the National Action Plan Team (NAPT) for CO2 emissions reduction in aviation. The Action Plan then details the set of mitigation measures selected by the NAPT to address CO2 emissions reduction in international aviation at the national level. The forecast of the trends of CO2 emissions with and without the implementation of these measures is also described, reflecting the positive impacts of these initiatives on the carbon footprint of the national aviation sector in Angola. These mitigation measures are mainly focused on improving the fuel management of the national airline, and on improving airport infrastructure and operations. These initiatives represent Angola’s contribution towards the achievement of the global aspirational goals set by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) during its 37th Assembly in 2010: carbon-neutral growth from 2020 onward and a 2% annual increase in fuel efficiency up to 2050. It also answers ICAO’s call to its Member States during its 38th Assembly (2013) to submit voluntary States’ Action Plans to communicate on the progress toward the environmental goals set by ICAO and to request assistance if needed to implement these plans. This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 8 2. National Action Plan Team The initiatives for CO2 emissions reduction in international aviation in Angola will be implemented by a National Action Plan Team, composed of the main relevant stakeholders in the aviation sector and chaired by INAVIC. The institutions participating in the NAPT are described in more details in the following paragraphs. Figure 2 - National Action Plan Team The NAPT of Angola was officially created and held its first meeting in January 2016. It will meet regularly to follow the development and implementation of the Action Plan. INAVIC ENANA TAAG GHAssist Sonangol This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 9 2.1. INAVIC The National Institute of Civil Aviation (INAVIC) is a public institute of the economic sector, with legal personality, administrative, financial and patrimonial autonomy to support the aeronautical authority in carrying out its functions of coordination, guidance, control, surveillance, licensing and regulation of all activities related to the Civil Aviation Sector developed in Angola or in the airspace under its jurisdiction. Within regulator and aeronautical authority, INAVIC has the following responsibilities: 1. Support the Ministry of Transports in defining policies and strategies for the development of civil aviation activity in the Republic of Angola; 2. Ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations; 3. Study and propose the airport coverage policy and use of airspace, defining the principles to be respected in the development of general plans, master plans, service plans and environmental protection; 4. Promote and develop all activities related to civil aviation, including training and technical education, scientific and academic staff in the field of science and aviation medicine; 5. Study and propose laws, regulations and administrative measures to ensure the safety of air navigation, guide and coordinate the operations of civil aviation; 6. Make proposals on tariff bases to be adopted by entities exercising activities in the civil aviation sector; 7. Prepare performance indicators of activities and provide statistics on the operation of the branch; 8. Organize the participation and intervention of the aviation sector in international organizations, to ensure their rights and the commitments This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 10 made by the administration and coordinate the distribution of documents and information related to international affairs; 9. Establish standards for the systems and procedures of search and air rescue operations; 10. Coordinate with the competent authority procedures for aeronautical meteorology; 11. Participate in the negotiation of international treaties and agreements in the field of civil aviation; 12. Perform other duties established by law or determined superiorly. 2.2. ENANA On 11/05/1954, in response to the growth in air traffic, it was created in Angola the Civil Aeronautic Service which aimed to exercise the regulatory activity of civil aviation and at the same time managing and administrating major airports. The Decree No. 14/80 of 13 February 1980 creates ENANA - National Enterprise for Airports Exploration and Air Navigation under the Ministry of Transports, separating it from the Civil Aviation Directorate which under another order was integrally linked the organic framework of the Ministry of Transports. The Council of Ministers, through Decree No. 27/98, approving the organic statute of ENANA as Public Enterprise and, in November 1999, the first Enterprise Board of Directors, composed of five members was constituted. ENANA-EP, under the Ministry of Transport, has under its control International Airport of 4 de Fevereiro in Luanda, Aerodromes of Huambo, Benguela, Cabinda, Lubango, Namibe, Uige, Luena, Malanje, Kuito, Saurimo, Soyo, Menongue, Ondjiva, Mbanza Congo, Sumbe, Porto Amboim, Nzeto, Waco Kungo, Andulo Bailundo, Dundo, Luzamba, Lucapa, Nzage and Cafunfo. This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 11 National and international operators are par excellence the main customers of ENANA, which in addition to other services, following them are provided:  International and domestic air traffic control services in areas controlled inside the FIR of Luanda;  Flight information services on national territory;  Alert Service;  Rescue and fire fighting services. Among others, ENANA aims the attributes described below: 2.2.1. Mission Ensure the efficient operation of airports that are part of his responsibility and ensure high levels of safety to the air traffic control level in the airspace under the jurisdiction of the Republic of Angola, with a view to pursuing public interest and development of the national economy. 2.2.2. Vision Be a regional reference in the management of airports and air traffic control activity, oriented towards providing a high quality service and security to customers, basing its action on the objectives of efficiency and operational and financial sustainability, contributing to the promotion the image of Angola in the World. 2.2.3. Values • DEDICATION TO CUSTOMER: aiming to serve the airports customers in order to meet their needs, expectations and concerns based on a relationship of empathy, respect and availability; This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 12 • SAFETY AND QUALITY: guarantee the accuracy, professionalism and diligence in compliance with national and international civil aviation practice guidelines and operating procedures; • MANNING DEVELOPMENT: enhancing the professional and personal growth of its employees, promoting those that contribute most to the achievement of the objectives of the company through a process of evaluation; • INTEGRITY AND HONESTY: ensure transparency, fairness, integrity, honesty and trust in relations between all employees of the company and its customers, acting in full compliance with law and internal rules; • GUIDANCE FOR RESULTS: demonstrate pro-activity, commitment and diligence in carrying out ambitious objectives based on an effective use of existing resources. 2.3. TAAG Linhas Aéreas de Angola (Angola Airlines) is the state-owned flag carrier of Angola. Based in Luanda, the airline operates an all-Boeing fleet to domestic services within Angola, as well as medium-haul services in Africa and long-haul services to Brazil, Cuba, China, Portugal and the United Arab Emirates. The airline was originally set up by the government as DTA – Divisão dos Transportes Aéreos in 1938; rechristened TAAG Angola Airlines in 1973. The airline gained flag carrier status in 1975. TAAG Angola Airlines is a member of both the International Air Transport Association and the African Airlines Association (AFRAA). This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 13 As of October 2014, TAAG Angola Airlines serves 31 destinations, including 13 domestic, 11 in Africa, 3 in Latin America, 2 in Schengen Europe, and 3 in the Middle East and the Asia-Pacific region. 2.4. GHASSIST Ghassist - S.A. was the first handling company licensed to provide ground services to the aircrafts in the Angolan airports, as of July, 1997. It is a private organization, composed by 3 shareholders, namely MACGRA, ENANA and TAAG. With a fleet of more than 100 pieces of equipment, including buses, forklifts, shuttles, and more, Ghassist provides the highest quality aircraft ground services to all of the regular flights, as well as charters, in Angolan airports. Ghassist S.A.’s Board is committed to providing the best in personalized services, on a 24/7 basis. Therefore, has adopted and maintains a policy of integrated Quality Management compliance, enforcing and fostering the Integrated Management System, in the areas of Quality, Safety and Security as well as health and safety at work. This dedication earned Ghassist, S.A. recognition as a pioneer in Angola, specially, through its work at Luanda Airport’s ground service operations. At the dawn of a new millennium, Ghassist positioned itself as an innovator through the utilization of QMS (Quality Management System) according to NP EN ISO 9001:2008 practices. Ghassist has strived to maintain the ISO 9001:2008 certification, by continuously evolving its operations to maintain a range of high- quality, competitive, professional, and efficient services. Through regular staff training and investment in the most innovative equipment, Ghassist has found success in meeting these goals. With a commitment in offering the highest quality of personalized services to its clients, Ghassist worked at gaining the trust of their clients and recognition This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 14 as the best and most reliable company in ground handling operations. It operates the airports of Luanda, Cabinda, Lubango and Ondjiva. As a leader in ground handling services in Angola, Ghassist focuses on providing Check-in, ramp, load control, cargo handling and mail services that are innovative and safe. However, the service of push back is provided on outsourcing basis by TAAG. The cargo service consists in transporting cargo from/to the aircraft to the warehouse and build up pallets. 2.5. Sonangol Distribuidora – Serviços de Aviação The National Society of Angola Fuels (Sonangol) is the exclusive licensee for exploration of oil and gas in the basement and on the continental shelf of Angola. Created in 1976, its main activity is the prospecting, exploration, development, marketing, production, storage, transport and refining of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Sonangol Distribuidora comes in 1981 from the merger of the Directorate of Commercial Services and the Directorate of Operational Services, and being established as a subsidiary of Sonangol Group on 30 December 2005. With the purpose of marketing and distribution of oil products such as fuels and lubricants throughout the country, the Aviation Business Unit was created (UNA), located at all airports nationwide. The employees of Sonangol Distribuidora is responsible for implementing the actions necessary to customer satisfaction, their protection, the company's heritage, the environment and the community. This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 15 3. Baseline of CO2 Emissions in International Aviation 3.1. Calculation method The baseline for CO2 emissions in international aviation represents the evolution of CO2 emissions from international aviation in the next 20 years (up to 2035) in the absence of mitigation measures (business as usual scenario). In the case of Angola, it was calculated using one year of historical data (2014), provided by the national airline TAAG, the only airline registered in Angola that serves international flights. Only international flights according to ICAO definition were considered for the baseline calculation. Following ICAO’s methodology described in ICAO Doc 9988, the fuel efficiency calculated for 2014 (0.523 L/tkm) was assumed to remain constant until the baseline horizon (2035). On the other hand, the air traffic increase in the coming years was estimated using ICAO Circular 313, which forecasts a traffic (RTK) growth of 5.4% per year in the African region. 3.2. Results The baseline obtained for CO2 emissions up to 2035 is depicted in tabular and graphical formats on Table 1 and Figure 1 respectively. According to these results, in the absence of mitigation measures, CO2 emissions from international aviation will grow from 405,249 tons of CO2 (tCO2) in 2015 to 1,160,203 tCO2 in 2035, which represents an increase of 186% in twenty years. This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 16 BASELINE Year International RTK (tkm) International Fuel burn (L) International CO2 emissions (kg) Fuel efficiency (L/tkm) 2014 290,777,587 152,091,250 384,486,680 0.523 2015 306,479,577 160,304,178 405,248,961 0.523 2016 323,029,474 168,960,603 427,132,405 0.523 2017 340,473,065 178,084,476 450,197,554 0.523 2018 358,858,611 187,701,037 474,508,222 0.523 2019 378,236,976 197,836,893 500,131,666 0.523 2020 398,661,773 208,520,086 527,138,776 0.523 2021 420,189,508 219,780,170 555,604,270 0.523 2022 442,879,742 231,648,299 585,606,901 0.523 2023 466,795,248 244,157,308 617,229,674 0.523 2024 492,002,191 257,341,802 650,560,076 0.523 2025 518,570,310 271,238,260 685,690,320 0.523 2026 546,573,106 285,885,126 722,717,597 0.523 2027 576,088,054 301,322,922 761,744,348 0.523 2028 607,196,809 317,594,360 802,878,542 0.523 2029 639,985,437 334,744,456 846,233,984 0.523 2030 674,544,650 352,820,656 891,930,619 0.523 2031 710,970,061 371,872,972 940,094,872 0.523 2032 749,362,445 391,954,112 990,859,995 0.523 2033 789,828,017 413,119,634 1,044,366,435 0.523 2034 832,478,730 435,428,094 1,100,762,222 0.523 2035 877,432,581 458,941,211 1,160,203,382 0.523 Table 1 - Baseline This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 17 Figure 3 - Baseline for CO2 emission from international aviation 0,400 0,450 0,500 0,550 0,600 0,650 0,700 0 200.000.000 400.000.000 600.000.000 800.000.000 1.000.000.000 1.200.000.000 1.400.000.000 Fuel Efficiency (L/tkm) CO2 Emissions (kg) Baseline for CO2 emissions from international aviation CO2 Emissions (kg) Fuel Efficiency (L/tkm) This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 18 4. Basket of Measures for Angola The mitigation measures selected to reduce CO2 emissions from international aviation are focused on three categories from ICAO’s basket of measures1 : 1. Improved Air Traffic Management (ATM) and infrastructure use 2. More efficient operations 3. Airport improvements The list of selected mitigation measures is described in more details in Annex 1. 4.1. Improved Air Traffic Management (ATM) and infrastructure use The national airline TAAG has been undertaking for several years an active fuel management programme with the support of IATA to reduce fuel consumption and improve fuel efficiency. As part of the measures envisaged in 2016, TAAG will look for further improvements in the use of optimum flight levels and optimum routings, which will reduce en-route fuel burn. 4.2. More efficient operations In addition, TAAG will implement measures to improve the efficiency of its operations, such as reducing the weight of its aircrafts (by reducing the quantity of fuel loaded or other weights such as magazines, potable water, etc.). 1 See Appendix A in ICAO Doc 9988 Guidance on the Development of States’ Action Plans on CO2 Emissions Reduction Activities. This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 19 Other operational measures applied during the flight aim at reducing/delaying the use of flaps for take-off and landing, and at minimising the use of reversers. More efficient ground operations also play an important role in CO2 emissions reduction from international aviation. TAAG will in this regard implement single-engine taxi and further train pilots to reduce fuel burn en-route and during taxi. 4.3. Airport improvements On this same line, TAAG aims at reducing the use of Auxiliary Power Units (APU) by aircraft on the ground, which will require ground handlers to supply ground power and pre-conditioned air to the aircraft at the airport. The ground handler GHASSIST, on the other hand, is planning measures to enhance Ground Support Equipment (GSE) management, in particular by replacing fuel tractors by electrical tractors, and by minimising distances travelled by GSE, through the definition of parking areas close to the stands for aircraft parking. The Apron Management and Short Route functionality is expected to enable a more efficient use of aircraft stand parking, thus providing significant benefits linked to fuel consumption and delay reduction. In addition, the airport operator ENANA has built a few years ago a rapid exit taxiway (runway 05-23), which allows the exit of the aircraft from the runway at high speed, thus reducing fuel consumption and environmental impact in descent/arrival phases. This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 20 5. Expected Results The implementation of the mitigation measures selected by Angola will lead to the reduction of an average of 25,313 tCO2 emissions from international aviation per year. This quantification was performed using both a State methodology when available (measures selected by the national airline TAAG) and ICAO’s rule of thumb2 for the measure concerning the building of the new taxiway. The measures on the improvement of Ground Support Equipment (GSE) will lead to the reduction of domestic CO2 emissions only, and are hence considered as cobenefits. These reductions have not been quantified. The expected results over the baseline horizon are depicted in on Table 2. Figure 2 provides a graphical representation of these results and confront them with the CO2 emissions and fuel efficiency expected in the baseline scenario. EXPECTED RESULTS Year RTK International Fuel (litres) International CO2 emissions (kg) Fuel efficiency (L/tkm) 2014 290,777,587 152,091,250 384,486,680 0.523 2015 306,479,577 160,304,178 405,248,961 0.523 2016 323,029,474 160,389,216 405,463,937 0.497 2017 340,473,065 169,513,088 428,529,087 0.498 2018 358,858,611 179,129,650 452,839,755 0.499 2019 378,236,976 189,265,506 478,463,199 0.500 2020 398,661,773 199,948,698 505,470,309 0.502 2021 420,189,508 211,208,783 533,935,803 0.503 2022 442,879,742 223,076,912 563,938,433 0.504 2023 466,795,248 235,585,920 595,561,206 0.505 2024 492,002,191 248,770,415 628,891,608 0.506 2 See Appendix C in ICAO Doc 9988 Guidance on the Development of States’ Action Plans on CO2 Emissions Reduction Activities. This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 21 2025 518,570,310 262,666,872 664,021,852 0.507 2026 546,573,106 277,313,738 701,049,130 0.507 2027 576,088,054 292,751,535 740,075,880 0.508 2028 607,196,809 309,022,973 781,210,075 0.509 2029 639,985,437 326,173,068 824,565,516 0.510 2030 674,544,650 344,249,269 870,262,151 0.510 2031 710,970,061 363,301,584 918,426,405 0.511 2032 749,362,445 383,382,725 969,191,528 0.512 2033 789,828,017 404,548,247 1,022,697,967 0.512 2034 832,478,730 426,856,707 1,079,093,755 0.513 2035 877,432,581 450,369,824 1,138,534,915 0.513 Table 2 - Expected results Figure 4 - Baseline and expected results From the previous results and as illustrated on Table 3 and Figure 3, it appears that the highest reduction of CO2 emissions from international aviation This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 22 will be obtained through the implementation of mitigation measures related to more efficient operations (64% of the annual tCO2 reduced). On the other hand, improved ATM and airport improvements will contribute respectively to 29% and 7% of the emissions reduced. Nb of measures Expected results (tCO2/year) Expected results (%) Cat. 1 (ATM) 2 7,271 29 Cat. 2 (Operations) 5 16,158 64 Cat. 3 (Airports) 4 1,884 7 TOTAL 11 25,313 100 Table 3 - Baseline and expected results This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 23 Figure 5 - Expected reduction in CO2 emission from international aviation 6. Assistance Needs The requested assistance mostly aims at achieving a better coordination between all relevant stakeholders. In particular, the national airline TAAG is expecting an improved cooperation with ground handlers and fuel providers to implement measures related to the reduction of the weight loaded in the aircraft. Similarly, improved cooperation with ENANA and INAVIC could facilitate the implementation of ATM-related measures such as the use of optimum routings. This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 24 Annex 1: List of selected CO2 mitigation measures Measure Description Start date Comple -tion date Expected results (tCO2 reduced/yea r) Stakeholder s Estimated cost (USD) Assistance needs Estimated cost savings (USD/year) 1. Improved Air Traffic Management (ATM) and infrastructure use 1.1. Measures to improve the use of optimum flight levels Apply Reduced Acceleration Altitude (Flaps Retraction level-off). 2016 2016 969 TAAG N/A 445,055 1.2. Measures to improve the use of optimum routings Apply :  Reduced Acceleration Altitude ;  Optimized Cost Index ;  Flight Planning Optimization (vertical and lateral) ;  Alternate - Optimum Selection 2016 2016 6,302 TAAG Better Approac h procedur es provided by ENANA/ INAVIC. 2,561,288 2. More efficient operations 2.1. Minimising weight  Reduce Fuel Weight (ZFW Accuracy, Holding 15 Min, Flight Crew - Extra Fuel, Contingency Fuel, Fuel Bias (Flight Planning System), Center of Gravity Management, Excess Taxi Fuel, Dispatch Extra Fuel, Over Fueling)  Reduce Other Weight (Magazines, Duty Free, Catering, Commercial Weight, Potable Water) 2016 2016 8,571 TAAG Coope- ration with Ground Handling providers ; Coope- ration of Fueling Services providers mainly 3,926,638 This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 25 Measure Description Start date Comple -tion date Expected results (tCO2 reduced/yea r) Stakeholder s Estimated cost (USD) Assistance needs Estimated cost savings (USD/year) SONAN- GOL. 2.2. Minimising / delaying flaps (take-off and landing) Apply :  Low Drag Approaches ;  Reduced Flaps Takeoff ;  Reduced Flap Landings. 2016 2016 2,268 TAAG N/A 1,085,504 2.3. Minimising reversers use Apply Idle Reverse on Landing. 2016 2016 352 TAAG N/A 174,573 2.4. Single engine taxi Apply :  Engine Out – Taxi In ;  Engine Out – Taxi Out. 2016 2016 1,331 TAAG N/A 678,550 2.5. Training pilots Training on pilot techniques to reduce aircrafts fuel burn. 2016 2016 3,636 TAAG N/A 1,699,903 3. Airport improvements 3.1. Installation of fixed electrical ground power and pre- conditioned air to allow aircraft APU switch-off. Reduced APU usage. 2016 2016 355 TAAG Ground Handling assistanc e with Air Conditio- ning Carts and GPU. 169,939 3.2. Construction of taxiways Building of a new taxiway to reduce taxi time (runway 05- 23). 2010 2011 1529 ENANA 9.5M N/A This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 26 Measure Description Start date Comple -tion date Expected results (tCO2 reduced/yea r) Stakeholder s Estimated cost (USD) Assistance needs Estimated cost savings (USD/year) 3.3. Enhanced GSE (Ground Support Equipment) management Replacement of Fuel tractors by electrical tractors. 2017 2017 Cobenefits GHASSIST 3.4. Enhanced GSE (Ground Support Equipment) management Reduce distance travelled by GSE, by defining parking areas close to the stands for A/C parking. 2015 2016 Cobenefits GHASSIST